Quantitative estimation of submarine groundwater discharge using airborne thermal infrared data acquired at two different tidal heights

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) plays an important role in coastal biogeochemical processes and hydrological cycles, particularly off volcanic islands in oligotrophic oceans. However, the spatial and temporal variations of SGD are still poorly understood owing to difficulty in taking rapid SGD measurements over a large scale. In this study, we used four airborne thermal infrared surveys (twice each during high and low tides) to quantify the spatiotemporal variations of SGD over the entire coast of Jeju Island, Korea. On the basis of an analytical model, we found a linear positive correlation between the thermal anomaly and squares of the groundwater discharge velocity and a negative exponential correlation between the anomaly and water depth (including tide height and bathymetry). We then derived a new equation for quantitatively estimating the SGD flow rates from thermal anomalies acquired at two different tide heights. The proposed method was validated with the measured SGD flow rates using a current meter at Gongcheonpo Beach. We believe that the method can be effectively applied for rapid estimation of SGD over coastal areas, where fresh groundwater discharge is significant, using airborne thermal infrared surveys.     

Submarine groundwater discharge revealed by aerial thermal infrared imagery: a case study on Jeju Island,Korea

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a global phenomenon that carries large volumes of groundwater and dissolved chemical species such as nutrient, metals, and organic compounds to coastal zones. We report the influence of SGD on the coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea, using high‐resolution aerial thermal infrared (TIR) mapping techniques and field investigations. An aircraft‐based system was implemented using a cost‐effective TIR camera for aerial TIR mapping. Ground‐based calibrations and system integration with GPS/IMU (global positioning system/inertial measurement unit) were performed for the aerial systems. The aerial surveys showed distinct low‐temperature signatures of SGD along the coasts of Jeju Island, revealing large groundwater inputs from the coastal aquifers to the ocean. Multiple aerial surveys over a range of seasons and tidal stages revealed that SGD rates dynamically affect the sea surface temperature (SST) of the coastal zone. The in‐situ measurements supported that SGD has a substantial influence on the coastal water chemistry as well as SST. Our observations highlight the extent to which aerial‐based TIR mapping can serve as a powerful tool for studying SGD and other coastal processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study of high temperature targets identification and temperature retrieval experimental model in SWIR remote sensing based Landsat8

For surface features in short-wave infrared (SWIR, 1.3–3.0 μm) in remote sensing imagery, pixel values depict the total energy including reflection and emission. For surface features at normal temperature in SWIR band, emission energy can be ignored. While for surface features at high temperature in SWIR band, emission energy is equal to or even higher than the reflection energy. So remote sensing imagery of SWIR band can be used to separate emission and reflection energy as well as to realize temperature retrieval of high temperature targets. In this study, the seventh band (SWIR band) of Landsat8 OLI remote sensing imagery is used to perform the theoretical model research for temperature retrieval of high temperature targets. In the meantime, it is also used with the corresponding observation experiment of synchronization satellite to check the theoretical model. The result shows that the radiant flux density for mixed pixels with high temperature targets is higher than adjacent pixels without high temperature targets. Thus, the high temperature pixels can be identified in SWIR band. The retrieval results of temperature and fractional area for high temperature targets are consistent with reality. In the study, the result illustrates that it is effective to identify high temperature targets in remote sensing imagery of SWIR band and the model is appropriate for temperature retrieval use.     

Application of Geochemistry and VNIR Spectroscopy in Mapping Heavy Metal Pollution of Stream Sediments in the Takab Mining Area, NW of Iran

This study considered the possibility of using visible and near infrared (VNIR) spectral absorption feature parameters (SAFPs) in predicting the concentration and mapping the distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Takab area. In total, 60 sediment samples were collected along main streams draining from the mining districts and tailing sites, in order to measure the concentration of As, Co, V, Cu, Cr, Ni, Hg, Ti, Pb and Zn and the reflectance spectra (350–2500 nm). The quantitative relationship between SAFPs (Depth500nm, R610/500nm, R1344/778nm, Area500nm, Depth2200nm, Area2200nm, Asym2200nm) and geochemical data were assessed using stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and enter multiple linear regression (EMLR) methods. The results showed a strong negative correlation between Ni and Cr with Area2200nm, a significant positive correlation between As and Asym2200nm, Ni and Co with Depth2200nm, as well as Co, V and total values with Depth500nm. The EMLR method eventuated in a significant prediction result for Ni, Cr, Co and As concentrations based on spectral parameters, whereas the prediction for Zn, V and total value was relatively weak. The spatial distribution pattern of geochemical data showed that mining activities, along with the natural weathering of base metal occurrences and rock units, has caused high concentrations of heavy metals in sediments of the Sarough River tributaries.     

短波红外光谱、X射线荧光光谱、黄铁矿热电性分析在胶东新城金矿田深部找矿中的应用

胶东半岛是我国最重要的金矿集区之一,其矿床是典型受北东向断裂构造(焦家断裂带、三山岛断裂带和招平断裂带),以及次生断裂构造(如望儿山断裂和灵北断裂等)控制的矿床类型。前人在该区域做了大量研究,但主要集中在地表和浅层成矿段,对于深部成矿规律与预测的研究相对较少。新城金矿田是胶东半岛的特大型金矿之一,由新城矿床、曲家矿床和招贤矿床三部分组成。由于受到焦家断裂带控制,在招贤矿区中的科研深钻达到2 500 m以下,为我们研究深部成矿规律提供了良好的样品。本文通过该地区蚀变矿物的短波红外光谱特征(short-wave infrared spectroscopy,SWIR),并结合X 射线荧光光谱(X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,XRF)法和黄铁矿热电性法,选取该地的不同成矿阶段的蚀变岩石和典型载金矿物黄铁矿,并在三维环境中,定量化分析了主要的蚀变矿物——白云母族的短波红外光谱的特征值,揭示其找矿规律与指示意义,进一步提取矿床中蚀变矿物的找矿标志。研究结果表明:(1)在靠近焦家主断裂构造蚀变岩型矿体的位置,伊利石结晶度(≥1.2)和绢云母Al—OH吸收位置(≥2 205 nm)偏高,而在远离焦家主断裂构造蚀变岩型矿体的位置伊利石结晶度和绢云母Al—OH吸收位置偏低,分别为0.2~1.2和2 198~2 205 nm。(2)X 射线荧光光谱结果提取了该地区20种元素含量,通过对元素的主成分分析和聚类分析, Al—OH吸收峰位置偏移与Al、K、Si含量变化有一定相关性。(3)黄铁矿热电性导型在近焦家主断裂构造蚀变岩主要为P型,远离主断裂的主要为N型。在新城矿区的Ⅰ号和Ⅴ号矿体的顶部到底部整体呈现N-P→P→P-N→N→N-P→P-N和P-N→N-P的规律;在招贤矿区中绝大部分是P型。剥蚀度整体处于在25%~50%,因此在新城矿区约-800 m以下和招贤矿区约-1 500 m以下,仍有较好的深部找矿前景。整体上P型黄铁矿成矿温度主要为180~250 ℃,N型成矿温度主要区间值在380~460 ℃;利用温度场进行三维插值建模,其与三维矿体品位模型空间展布趋势一致。本文综合研究方法为深部矿产资源评价提供新的研究思路,将光谱数据、地化数据等多维度信息集成整合,同时使用三维模型可视化功能,对于矿产模型定量化构建具有重要参考价值。     

Sagnac型干涉成像光谱仪研制及干涉成像光谱实验

空间调制干涉成像（傅里叶变换）光谱仪（SMIFTS）是一种有重要的研究和应用价值的空间遥感器。依据应用要求和信噪比方程设计并研制了Sagnac型干涉成像（傅里叶变换）光谱仪原理样机。用该样机进行了实验室干涉成像光谱实验，获取了较为清晰的可见光、近红外谱段干涉成像图像。对其中各像元的干涉图进行数据处理和计算，提取出了光谱特征明显的成像光谱图像和与被测图样光谱特征相符的像元光谱。由实测光谱辐射亮度曲线反演计算出的光谱反射曲线与标准仪器测得的图样光谱反射特性曲线进行了比较，结果表明二者对应相似。     

赣东北地区矽卡岩典型矿物形成与演化的光谱证据:以朱溪钨多金属矿为例SCIEI北大核心CSCD

朱溪是近年来在江西塔前-赋春成矿带发现的一个世界级超大型钨铜矿床。本文采用短波红外+热红外光谱技术对矿区13个钻孔进行了光谱测量,结合岩石-矿物地球化学分析,探讨了朱溪矿床矽卡岩中典型蚀变矿物的形成与演化过程,厘定了矽卡岩形成不同阶段矿物组合的光谱特征,构建了朱溪矿床的短波红外+热红外光谱勘查模型。研究发现:(1)区内不同矿物组合形成了明显的蚀变分带,由内向外依次为绢云母(富Si)+长石(岩体顶层蚀变,多期流体叠加综合作用)→外矽卡岩:钙铝榴石+透辉石+(绢云母)→透辉石+蛇纹石+绿泥(帘)石+滑石→绢云母(富Al)+绿泥(帘)石(基底不整合面蚀变);(2)Al-OH波长的移动可指示成矿流体压力、温度及pH值的变化;(3)研究区透辉石的形成、演化与矿体之间关系密切,虽然富矿体赋存于矽卡岩形成早期的透辉石-石榴子石蚀变带,但大量矿体则赋存于矽卡岩退蚀变阶段的蛇纹石-绿泥石蚀变带;(4)矿体的形成与流体的混合作用关系极大,伊利石光谱吸收特征能够指示外部冷水(大气降水或地下水)的灌入轨迹。     

西南印度洋脊中段Indomed-Gallieni洋中脊岩浆-构造动力模式

利用西南印度洋脊中段Indomed-Gallieni洋段49-51°E区段全覆盖高分辨率多波束水深地形资料,应用构造地貌学分析方法,结合区域地形及其他地球物理等资料,在分段分析49-51°E区段岩浆-构造动力学模式的基础上,进一步探讨了约10 Ma以来Indomed-Gallieni洋段的演化史.28、29洋段目前岩浆供应不足,在轴部不对称深断层的控制之下不对称扩张,属于超慢速扩张洋脊较常见的演化方式.轴部火山建造主要向北翼增生,发育与火山脊相关的火山地貌;南翼构造拉张作用强烈,地貌上可观察到大量断块,拆离断层可能大量存在.而27洋段水深浅、火山密集、轴部缺失裂谷,超慢速扩张下却具有较高的岩浆通量.Indomed-Gallieni洋段地形高地建造于一次岩浆增强事件,但应该不是因为Crozet热点的影响.27洋段为目前仍受该岩浆增强事件影响的唯一区段,但其强度和规模也在逐渐减小;包括28、29洋段在内的Indomed-Gallieni段其他部分,已重新恢复到岩浆供应不足的正常超慢速扩张洋脊演化模式.28、29洋段和27洋段岩浆供应均存在岩浆通量由多至少的周期,周期内岩浆供应较多时期轴部建脊,减少时期轴部火山建造裂离.但27洋段由于仍受岩浆增强事件的影响,与28、29洋段表现形式不同,主要表现为火山建造裂离方式、岩浆供应周期长短以及构造活动强烈程度的不同.     

应用多光谱ASTER数据对ETM遥感异常的定性判别研究——以东昆仑五龙沟为例

文中讨论了新的找矿参数——蚀变遥感异常的地质基础和光谱前提,在矿床地质学和蚀变矿物光谱参数特征的基础上,编制了一张用于遥感异常提取及对其地质解释的表格。ETM遥感异常提取技术已在全国推广,ASTER数据可以在三个方面对已推广的ETM起到重要的补充作用：1.利用短波红外增设的波段,对某些矿致异常区分其矿化（矿床）类型;2.利用增设的热红外波段区分某些岩性;3.可有助于解决ETM因第7波段太宽而产生的许多疑难问题。本文以东昆仑五龙沟为例讨论了ASTER对于解决ETM遥感异常性质判别困难方面的作用。     

短波红外光谱技术在矽卡岩型矿床中的应用——以鄂东南铜绿山铜铁金矿床为例

铜绿山铜铁金矿床是长江中下游铜铁多金属成矿带最重要的矽卡岩型矿床之一,矿床的形成与铜绿山石英闪长岩株体密切相关,矿体主要沿北北东向断裂产于石英闪长岩与大理岩/白云质大理岩的接触带,形成钙-镁复合型矽卡岩铜多金属矿化。围岩蚀变由致矿岩体到接触-蚀变矿化中心为:绢云母-绿泥石-钾化带、高岭石-绿泥石-弱矽卡岩化带、皂石-绿泥石-强矽卡岩化带。蚀变矿化期次可分为岩浆-热液期和表生期,其中,岩浆-热液期可分为矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、氧化物阶段、硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段。绿泥石是钻孔岩芯中出现最多且分布最为广泛的蚀变矿物之一。经短波红外光谱(SWIR)研究发现,从蚀变矿化中心到外围,绿泥石出现由铁绿泥石/铁镁绿泥石逐渐转变为镁绿泥石,且绿泥石Fe-OH特征吸收峰位值(Pos2250)显示出从高值变为低值的趋势。结合其他蚀变矿物的空间分布特征,文章提出绿泥石的高Fe-OH特征吸收峰位值(Pos22502253 nm)与金云母、蛇纹石、绿帘石、皂石和高岭石的大量出现,对指示铜绿山矽卡岩型矿床的矿化中心具有一定的作用。